Friday, January 4, 2013

Tulang Rawan – Sifat, Ciri dan Struktur

Tulang rawan bersifat lentur, tersusun atas sel-sel tulang rawan (kondrosit) yang mensekresikan matriks (kondrin) berupa hialin atau kolagen. Pada tulang rawan banyak mengandung zat perekat berupa kolagen dan sedikit mengandung zat kapur. Itulah sebabnya tulang rawan bersifat lentur. Sel-sel  tulang rawan atau kondrosit dibentuk oleh kondroblas.
Pada masa bayi atau masa pertumbuhan sebagian besar tulang masih berupa tulang rawan. Seiring dengan pertumbuhan bayi dan pertambahan usia, tulang-tulang rawan mengalami penulangan (osi kasi) sehingga tulang tidak lentur lagi, melainkan tumbuh menjadi keras. Akan tetapi, tidak semua mengalami penulangan dan tetap berupa tulang rawan. Misalnya, pada bagian persendian, daun telinga, cuping hidung, dan ruas-ruas tulang belakang.

Tulang rawan memiliki tiga tipe, yaitu hialin, fibrosa, dan elastis.
Perhatikan gambar 3.1. Ketiganya memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:

1) Tulang rawan hialin
Tulang rawan hialin bersifat lentur, semi transparan, dan berwarna putih kebiruan. Tulang rawan ini merupakan penyusun rangka embrio yang akan berkembang menjadi tulang keras. Selain pada embrio, tulang rawan hialin juga terdapat pada sendi gerak ujung tulang rusuk, hidung, bronki, dan trakea.
2) Tulang rawan fibrosa
Tulang rawan fibrosa memiliki banyak serabut kolagen dalam matriks. Matriksnya berwarna keruh dan gelap, serta kuat dan kaku. Tulang rawan brosa terdapat pada tendon dan ligamen.
3) Tulang rawan elastis
Tulang rawan elastis berwarna kekuningan. Matriksnya mengandung serabut elastis. Tulang rawan elastis terdapat pada daun telinga.

Gambar 3.1 Macam-macam tulang rawan (a) hialin, (b)  brosa, (c) elastis.


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