Friday, August 9, 2013

Sejarah Penemuan Proton

Keberadaan proton dibuktikan melalui percobaan tabung Crookes yang dimodifikasi (perhatikan Gambar 1.3). Tabung Crookes diisi gas hidrogen dengan tekanan rendah. Percobaan ini dikembangkan oleh Eugen Goldstein.

Jika tabung Crookes dihubungkan dengan sumber arus listrik di bagian belakang katode yang dilubangi maka akan terbentuk berkas sinar. Goldstein menamakan sinar itu sebagai sinar terusan. Oleh karena sinar terusan bergerak menuju katode maka disimpulkan bahwa sinar terusan bermuatan positif. Menurut Goldstein, sinar terusan tiada lain adalah ion hidrogen. Ion ini terbentuk akibat gas hidrogen bertumbukan dengan sinar katode.

Oleh karena ion hidrogen hanya mengandung satu proton maka disimpulkan bahwa sinar positif adalah proton. Penggantian gas hidrogen oleh gas lain selalu dihasilkan sinar yang sama dengan sinar terusan yang dihasilkan oleh gas hidrogen. Hal ini dapat membuktikan bahwa setiap materi mengandung proton sebagai salah satu partikel penyusunnya.

tabung aliran gas 

Pada tabung sinar katode yang dimodifikasi, sinar katode mengionisasi gas dalam tabung yang mengakibatkan gas dalam tabung bermuatan positif. Gas yang bermuatan positif ini bergerak menuju katode, sebagian dapat melewati celah katode dan menumbuk dinding tabung.


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