Friday, August 9, 2013

Sejarah Penemuan Elektron

Keberadaan elektron dapat diketahui berdasarkan percobaan sinar katode (Sir William Crookes, 1879). Dalam percobaannya, Crookes menggunakan alat yang disebut tabung sinar katode atau disebut juga tabung Crookes (lihat Gambar 1.1).

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Jika tabung Crookes dihubungkan dengan sumber arus searah tegangan tinggi maka katode akan memancarkan berkas sinar menuju anode. Sinar itu dinamakan sinar katode. Sinar katode memiliki massa. Hal ini dapat dilihat dengan memutarnya baling-baling yang dipasang pada jalannya berkas sinar katode (Gambar 1.1). Pengamatan lain menunjukkan, sinar katode dapat dibelokkan oleh medan listrik menuju kutub positif listrik. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa sinar katode memiliki muatan negatif (perhatikan Gambar 1.2).

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Berdasarkan fakta tersebut, apa yang dapat Anda simpulkan? Stoney menamakan sinar katode dengan istilah elektron. Dengan demikian, elektron memiliki massa dan bermuatan negatif. Jika bahan katode diganti dengan logam lain selalu dihasilkan sinar katode yang sama. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa sinar katode atau elektron merupakan partikel dasar
penyusun materi.


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