Saturday, August 10, 2013

Massa Atom Relatif

Dengan ditetapkannya massa isotop atom karbon-12 sebagai standar massa atom maka massa isotop atom unsur-unsur lain dapat ditentukan secara eksperimen menggunakan spektrometer massa. Spektrometer massa memberikan data akurat tentang jumlah isotop atom suatu unsur dan kelimpahannya di alam.

Contoh:
Pengukuran secara kimia terhadap massa atom karbon adalah 12,0 sma. Oleh karena itu, pengukuran dengan spektrometer massa diharapkan memberikan satu puncak spektrum di daerah 12,0 e/m. Fakta menunjukkan bahwa karbon memberikan tiga puncak pada data runutan spektrometer massa, yaitu pada daerah massa 12, 13, dan 14 sma dengan tinggi puncak menunjukkan kelimpahan relatif masingmasing, yaitu 98,90%, 1,009% dan 0,001% seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 1.9.

Berdasarkan data runutan spektrometer massa, karbon merupakan campuran tiga macam isotop dengan sifat kimia yang sama, tetapi massa dan kelimpahannya di alam berbeda. Demikian pula unsurunsur lain dapat memiliki isotop lebih dari satu dengan persen kelimpahan yang berbeda.

isotop - atom relatif
Permasalahan sekarang adalah isotop mana yang akan dijadikan rujukan untuk mengukur massa zat di laboratorium. Oleh karena isotopisotop suatu unsur tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam suatu zat kimia juga kelimpahannya berbeda untuk setiap isotop maka perlu ditetapkan massa atom unsur untuk kepentingan pengukuran zat di laboratorium.

Menurut IUPAC, massa atom unsur ditentukan berdasarkan massa setiap isotop dan kelimpahannya. Penentuan dengan cara ini dinamakan massa atom relatif, disingkat Ar. Massa atom relatif (Ar) suatu unsur didefinisikan sebagai jumlah dari massa isotop dikalikan dengan kelimpahannya di alam.

image

Oleh karena massa atom relatif sudah mempertimbangkan isotop dan kelimpahannya di alam maka untuk perhitungan dan pengukuran massa zat didasarkan pada massa atom relatifnya. Tabel berikut menunjukkan massa atom relatif unsur-unsur.

massa atom relatif unsur


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